The 1800s

**Expansion of the Nation** In **1803**, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the **Louisiana Territory** from France for approximately $15 million, roughly doubling the size of the United States. This opened the way for westward expansion. **Wars of the 1800s** The United States fought several wars in the 19th century: • **War of 1812** — against Britain; President Madison; important battles included the burning of Washington D.C. by British forces • **Mexican-American War (1846-48)** — the U.S. gained California and the Southwest • **Civil War (1861-65)** — between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) • **Spanish-American War (1898)** — the U.S. gained Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines **The Civil War** The Civil War was fought between the **Union (North) and the Confederacy (South)** over slavery and states' rights. Important events: • **Battle of Fort Sumter** — first battle • **Emancipation Proclamation (1863)** — President Lincoln freed the slaves in Confederate states • **Battle of Gettysburg** — turning point of the war • **Lincoln's assassination (1865)** • **Surrender at Appomattox** — Confederate General Lee surrendered **Abraham Lincoln** **Abraham Lincoln** (16th President) is famous for: • Freeing the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation) • Saving and preserving the Union • Leading the United States during the Civil War • Delivering the **Gettysburg Address** **Reconstruction and Civil Rights** After the Civil War, three important amendments were ratified: • **13th Amendment (1865)** — Abolished slavery • **14th Amendment (1868)** — All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens • **15th Amendment (1870)** — All men (of any race) can vote — **1870** was when all men got the right to vote **Women's Rights in the 1800s** Leaders of the women's rights movement included: • **Susan B. Anthony** — fought for women's right to vote • **Elizabeth Cady Stanton** — co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • **Sojourner Truth** — abolitionist and women's rights activist • **Harriet Tubman** — escaped slave who helped others escape via the Underground Railroad • **Lucretia Mott** — Quaker abolitionist and suffragist Women won the right to vote in **1920** with the **19th Amendment** (after World War I).